Pakistan:
Nuclear Helpers
Source:
Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control
Belgium
Supplied New Labs plutonium extraction plant
Canada
Supplied Kanupp power reactor including fuel and spare
parts until 1976
China
Supplied a tested bomb design and high-enriched uranium
fuel
Supplied special magnets to help gas centrifuges enrich
uranium
Building a power reactor and training technicians at
Chashma despite de facto
international nuclear supply embargo
Helping to build a secret plutonium producing reactor at
Khusab
Supplied tritium that could help increase bomb yields
France
Designed Chashma plutonium extraction plant
Contracted to renovate controls at Kanupp
Germany
Supplied nuclear fuel fabrication equipment and technology,
including high-powered
welding and drilling lasers
Supplied factory to make uranium hexafluoride used at
Kahuta enrichment plant
Sold electronic components to control gas centrifuges
Exported "preforms" for gas centrifuge scoops for Kahuta
enrichment plant
Supplied natural lithium, useful in making tritium for
boosted nuclear weapons
Set up tritium gas purification plant and provided a small
amount of tritium for testing
Supplied information for design and construction of secret
research reactor
Netherlands
Source of centrifuge design, materials and manufacturing
equipment secretly procured
by Dr. A.Q. Khan
Norway
Sold computers and software useful in nuclear weapon design
Sweden
Supplied flash X-ray machines, useful in nuclear weapon
development
Switzerland
Supplied components for centrifuge enrichment plant
Supplied high vacuum valves and gasification and
solidification units
United States
Supplied Pakistan's first research reactor and fuel which
Pakistan used for secret
experiments in tritium production, or only???